How Harm Reduction Works in Substance Use

How Harm Reduction Works in Substance Use Addiction Drug Use Print How Harm Reduction Works With Substance Use By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 07, 2020 Sporrer/Rupp/Cultura/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Harm reduction is a proactive approach to reducing the damage done by alcohol, drugs, and other addictive behaviors, as well as addressing broader health and social issues, such as HIV transmission. The term harm reduction can be used to describe the philosophical beliefs that underlie strategies and programs, or it can be used to describe the strategies and programs on which it is based. Often, harm reduction strategies are used in conjunction with other approaches, which require abstinence. Does Harm Reduction Encourage Drug Use? A common misconception about harm reduction is that it condones or encourages drug use. Many advocates of harm reduction also support the goal of people working towards abstinence from alcohol, drugs, and addictive behaviors, but recognize that for many people, this process takes time. In the interim period, while the person is still drinking, using drugs, or engaging in other addictive behaviors, both they and the people around them are vulnerable to harm. Examples of harm reduction in action include the following. Drinking and Driving Laws While it is well known that even small amounts of alcohol can affect peoples ability to drive safely, driving and driving laws allow drivers to have a small amount of alcohol in their bloodstream. The focus is not on eliminating alcohol use from drivers completely but setting a limit over which the greatest risk of causing a serious accident is defined. Drinking and driving laws do not encourage drinking; they actually discourage it. But they accept the reality that many people will drink to some extent before driving, and that the overall harm to society is lessened by focusing attention on the worst offenders. The Dangers of Drinking and Driving Needle Exchange Services Injecting drugs such as heroin is illegal, yet harm reduction advocates for clean needles to be provided to drug users free of charge. This is because there is more harm caused to individual drug users, the health care system, and society as a whole if injection drug users pass HIV and hepatitis to each other through sharing needles. Needle exchange programs do not encourage drug use. In fact, they are usually the first point of contact for drug users to access addiction treatment services. These programs accept the fact that many people will inject drugs whether they have clean needles or not and prefer that they do not get ill and die as a result of infection. Safe Injection Facilities Safe injection sites go a step further than needle exchange services by providing a safe space in which people can inject drugs, clean needles and injection equipment, and supervision of the injection process by medical staff. In addition to the harm reduction goals of needle exchange services, i.e. reducing transmission of HIV, hepatitis, and other infections and damage caused by unclean equipment being used for injecting, safe injection rooms offer a safe space and immediate help if an overdose occurs. Safe injection facilities do not encourage drug useâ€"they provide a connection between the most vulnerable drug users and treatment services, such as detox. And they save lives that would otherwise be lost to drugs. Free Condoms Sex can be an addictive behavior, and it can lead to unplanned pregnancy, but the main reason that free condoms are sometimes provided as a harm reduction service is to reduce the transmission of STDs, specifically HIV. Condom Programs Promote Safe Sex Free condoms are not distributed to encourage people to have sex. Programs that distribute them recognize that people have unprotected sex for many different reasons and that factors such as embarrassment and poverty may get in the way of purchasing condoms. By providing free condoms, these services help prevent a lot of illnesses and problems associated with unprotected sex. How Sex Can Become an Addiction

Chevrolet vs. Ford Essay - 758 Words

2011 Chevrolet Trucks vs. 2011 Ford Trucks English 100-004 April 4, 2011 There are many differences between different car manufacturers. Future Truck Buyers To inform buyers of major differences between Chevrolet and Ford Pickup Trucks There are many differences between different car manufacturers. However, Chevrolet and Ford are among the top but the rivalry of these two companies will continue to challenge each other to a new and better product. Chevrolet and Ford are two very different companies that always try to compete in making the best automobile. My opinion is that Ford has a good looking truck, but Chevrolet has a better overall powertrain. So Chevrolet is my own personal choice if I were buying a new truck.†¦show more content†¦On a new option added to the 2011 Chevrolet Silverado is the transmission brake which gears the transmission down on a steep grade while towing a heavy load. This option is only offered through Chevrolet. As of right now it is not available on Ford’s. The 2011 Ford F150 is the heaviest truck of this year’s half ton family. It weighed about 6000 pounds. The truck comes equipped with Ford’s 5.4L Triton V8. The truck was the slowest of the new half-ton trucks because of its large mass. The new F150 was least classified to pull a fifth wheel camper or other large trailers even though it has best in class towing. Although it seems as if it is not meant for towing heavy loads, the exterior and interior is attractive thanks to its chrome accents, but that doesn’t matter when you are getting around 13 miles per gallon. Chevrolet has added many options to the lineup for the new trucks this year. A new and improved traction controlled system has been added as well as Stabilitrak Electronic Stability Control System and power side view mirrors. As far as the interior goes, there is always the option of having leather seats but this year Chevrolet added heated seats for the driver and passengers of the vehicle as well as satellite radio. 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Offensive Advertising Advertising, Muslims, And Consumer...

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Trade Union and Human Resource Management Free Essays

Rebore, R. W. 2001. We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Union and Human Resource Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Human Resources Administration in Education: A Management Approach. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Buletin Stiintific; Dec2010, Vol. 15 Issue 2, p121-128, 8p, 1 Diagram, 2 Graphs De Cieri, H Kramar, R 2008, Human resource management in Australia, 3rd edn, McGraw Hill, Sydney. Diane Kubal; Michael Baker; Kendra Coleman Performance Improvement; Mar 2006; 45, 3; ABI/INFORM Global Text book Maffei, Steven1 Review of Business; Fall2010, Vol. 31 Issue 1, p91-97, 7p Becker,BE,Huselid, Ma Ulrich, D 2001, The HRM scorecard: linking people, strategy and performance, Harvard Business School Press. Kleynhams R. , Markhan L, K. , and Van S. , Human resource Management, 2nd Edition, Person Prentice Hall, South Africa(2006) Oliver,Richard(1980), ‘A cognitive model of the antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions’ , Journal of Markting Research, 17, 460-469 Russell S. Winer(1987), ‘A Framwork for the Formation and structure of Consumer Expectations: Review and Propositions,’Journal of Economic Psychology, 8,3, 469-499 Webb S. , B. (1896). History of Trade Unionism, London: Londman Pongpangan, A(1979). Labour union: Background, concept and structure(translated from Thai title). In â€Å" Labour relations class material†, Bangkok: Chulalongkom University. Tosuwanjinda, V (2002). Labour relations: The key to the cooperation between employers and workers (translated from Thai title). (5th Ed. ). Bangkok: Nititham Press Wilawan, K. (2007). Labor relation(translated from Thai title). (10th ed) Bangkok:Winyuchon Press. Greenwood, M. , and H. De Cieri. 2006. Stakeholder theory and the ethics of human resourcemanagement. In Ethics in human resource management and employment relations, eds A. Pinnington, R. Macklin and T. Campbell, 119–36. Oxford: Oxford University Press Maltby, J. , and R. Wilkinson. 1998. Stakeholding and corporate governance in the UK. Politics 18(3): 197–204. Journal of Advertising; Summer2009, Vol. 38 Issue 2, p37-51, 15p, 1 Diagram De Witt, R (1993). The structural consequences of downsizing. Organizations Science, 4(1), 30-40 How to cite Trade Union and Human Resource Management, Papers

6 Elements of an Epic Poem Flashcard

6 Elements of an Epic Poem

WWII5 essays

WWII5 essays Pursuant to the agreement signed by China and the UK on 19 December 1984, Hong Kong became the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 1 July 1997. Under the terms of this agreement, China has promised that under its "one country, two systems" formula its socialist economic system will not be practiced in Hong Kong, and that Hong Kong shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and defense affairs. Location: Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China The Hong Kong Region Lies on the Eastern side of the Pearl River Estuary, facing Macau across the river, bordering on the South China Sea and bounded by 3 Special Economic Zone on the north. Its railway distance is 140 Kilometers to the city center of Guangzhou in GuangDong Province. (Hong Kong, Guangzhou, and Macau will ultimately form a very vital triangle in the Pearl River Delta making this region one of the strongest is the world economically.) The area of Hong Kong today consists of three parts: 1) Hong Kong Island (79 square kilometers) which was ceded to Britain by the Nanjing Treaty as the result of the First Opium War in 1842. 2)The Kowloon Peninsula (10 square kilometers) with its border on the north called "The Boundary Street", which was ceded to Britain by the Convention of Beijing as the result of the Second Opium War in 1860. 3) The New Territory covers an area of nearly 1,000 square kilometers between the Boundary Street on the South & the Shenzhen River to the North, making up about 91% of the total area of Hong Kong today. It was leased to Britain according to a. special treaty (The Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong of 1898.) for 99 years so that this year 1997 is the end of the treaty. The following is the historic background of the event, which added more humiliation to the Chinese nation. Near the end of the 19th century, the western powers and Japan scrambled for their spheres of influence in...

Ninth Grade Math Course of Study

Ninth Grade Math Course of Study When students first enter their freshman year (ninth grade) of high school, they are confronted with a variety of choices for the curriculum they would like to pursue, which includes which level of math courses the student would like to enroll in. Depending on whether or not this student chooses the advanced, remedial, or average track for mathematics, they might start their high school math education with either Geometry, Pre-Algebra, or Algebra I, respectively. However, no matter which level of aptitude a student has for the subject of math, all graduating ninth grades students are expected to comprehend and be able to demonstrate their understanding of certain core concepts related to the field of study including reasoning skills for solving multi-step problems with rational and irrational numbers; applying measurement knowledge to 2- and 3-dimensional figures; applying trigonometry to problems involving triangles and geometric formulas to solve for the area and circumferences of circles; investigating situations involving linear, quadratic, polynomial, trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, and rational functions; and designing statistical experiments to draw real-world conclusions about data sets. These skills are essential to continuing education in the field of mathematics, so its important for teachers of all aptitude levels to ensure that their  students fully comprehend these core principals of Geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry, and even some Pre-Calculus by the time they finish the ninth grade. Education Tracks for Mathematics in High School As mentioned, students entering high school are given the choice for which education track they would like to pursue on a variety of topics, including mathematics. No matter which track they choose, though, all students in the United States are expected to complete at least four credits (years) of mathematics education during their high school education. For students who choose the advanced placement course for mathematics studies, their high school education actually begins in seventh and eighth grades where they will be expected to take Algebra I or Geometry before entering high school in order to free up time to study more advanced maths by their senior year. In this case, freshmen on the advanced course start their high school career with either Algebra II or Geometry, depending on whether they took Algebra I or Geometry in junior high. Students on the average track, on the other hand, begin their high school education with Algebra I, taking Geometry their sophomore year, Algebra II their junior year, and Pre-Calculus or Trigonometry in their senior year. Finally, students who need a bit more assistance in learning the core concepts of math may choose to enter the remedial education track, which starts with Pre-Algebra in ninth grade and continues to Algebra I in 10th, Geometry in 11th, and Algebra II in their senior years. Core Math Concepts Every Ninth Grader Should Graduate Knowing Regardless of which education track students enroll in, all graduating ninth graders will be tested on and expected to demonstrate an understanding of several core concepts related to advaned mathematics including those in the fields of number identification, measurements, geometry, algebra and patterning, and probability. For number identification, students should be able to reason, order, compare and solve multi-step problems with rational and irrational numbers as well as understand the complex number system, be able to investigate and solve a number of problems, and use the coordinate system with both negative and positive integers. In terms of measurements, ninth grade graduates are expected to apply measurement knowledge to two- and three-dimensional figures accurately including distances and angles and a more complex plane  while also being able to solve a variety of word problems involving capacity, mass and time using the  Pythagorean theorem  and other similar math concepts. Students are also expected to understand the basics of geometry including the ability to apply trigonometry to problem situations involving triangles and transformations, coordinates, and vectors to solve other geometric problems; they will also be tested on deriving the equation of a circle, ellipse, parabolas, and hyperbolas and identifying their properties, especially of quadratic and conic sections. In Algebra, students should be able to investigate situations involving linear, quadratic, polynomial, trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, and rational functions as well as being able to pose and prove a variety of theorems. Students will also be asked to use matrices for representing data and to master problems using the four operations and the first degree to solve for a variety of polynomials. Finally, in terms of probability, students should be able to design and test statistical experiments and apply random variables to real world situations. This will allow them to draw inferences and display summaries using the appropriate charts and graphs then analyze, support, and argue conclusions based on that statistical information.